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Spanning tree protocol is a network protocol that is used to ensure a loop-free topology. The basic function of the STP is to select which port will be use if there are occurs in redundant link which act as backup if the active link fails.The inventor of the STP is called Radia Perman, which is a software designer and network engineer, How the STP works? Root Bridge(bridge and switch is same thing) --> switch with the lowest mac address become root bridge,if and only if the priority is same Elect Root Port (RP) --> root port is port on the non root bridge pointing back to root bridge depend on speed (higher speed == lower cost) and port id (lowest port id win) Elect Designated Port (DP) --> port at root bridge pointing toward non root bridge Elect Non-designated Port (NDP) --> port on non-root bridge pointing towards root bridge that is block automatic become standard port The switch will sent Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDU) to nearby switch (default sent every...

Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) design the OSPF to function as one of the interior Gateway Protocol(IGPs). In a large autonomous system network , OSPF act as routing protocol compare to the older routing protocol call Routing information Protocol (RIP). When a host detect the routing table is being modify or changes in the network like adding new devices, it will broadcast the information to all other host in network so that all routing table information is same. This kind of mechanism is call OSPF. The RIP is different method where sent routing table to nearby host device in 30 second time interval compare to the Open Shortest Path First changes the information when changes is occurs on network. Moreover, OSPF will take extra network information bases on the path/link states. Besides, cost metrics can be assign by user to given host router using OSPF. In addition, it allow variable subnet mask so that network can be subdivided. Due to many network already implement RIP,route...

Protocol is synonymous with rule.Protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication.A protocol defines what is communicated,how it is communicated,and when it is communications. The protocol have few key element: Syntax-The structure or format of the data, the order in which they are presented Semantics-The meaning of each section bits. Timing-refers to 2 characteristic: when data should be sent, and how fast they can be sent.  Standards is agreed-upon rules.Standard provides a model for development that makes it possible for a product to work regardless of individual manufacturer. When no standards,difficulties arise.Data communication standards fall into 2 categories: de facto and de jure. De facto Standards that have not been approved by an organized body but have been adopted as standards through widespread use are de facto standards. De facto standards are often established originally by manufacturers who seek to define the functionality of a new product or te...

What is Internet Protocol (IP) address?  IP address is a wordwide number that associated with one particular workstation or server. All computer or server must have Unique IP address in order to receive or send packet directly across the internet.The Ip address are base on where station is connected.IP addresses are not controlled by a single organization - address ranges are assigned.They are like phone numbers – they get reorganized once in a great while Don't really understand? It was just like street address or phone number to determines the recipient of a letter/,essage (in internet are called as packet) is used to identify computers on the internet. There are two version of Internet protocol, which are Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). IPv4 is only 32 bit which only have 4 967 296 (2 32 ) address because they can't predict there would be huge amount of people using the internet in the future. Therefore they come out wit...