Black and white Computer

I/O Operations is the operation of inserting or extracting data to/from the computer system. I/O Techniques refers to how I/O operations are executed. There are 3 ways to perform the I/O operations (I/O Techniques): Programmed I/O CPU has direct control over I/O Sensing Status Read/Write Commands Transferring data CPU need to waits for I/O module to complete Operation. It wastes CPU time. Interrupt-Driven I/O   Overcomes CPU waiting   No repeated CPU Checking of device I/O module interrupts when ready Direct Memory Access (DMA) Interrupt driven and programmed IO require active CPU intervention transfer rate is limited CPU is tied up Interrupt driven and programmed I/O require active CPU intervention Transfer rate is limited CPU is tied up  Additional Module (hardware) on bus DMA controller takes over from CPU for I/O The I/O module and main memory exchange data directly, without CPU involvement Picture below show how the Programme...